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Academy - Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm |
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Active Powers - The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/activepo.htm |
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Aenesidemus - Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aeneside.htm |
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Anaxagoras - Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxagor.htm |
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Anaxarchus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxarch.htm |
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Anaximander - Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximan.htm |
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Anaximenes - 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximen.htm |
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Animals and Ethics - Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anim-eth.htm |
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Anselm - 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm |
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Antisthenes - Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/antisthe.htm |
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Aquinas, Thomas - The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aquinas.htm |
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Aristippus - Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristip.htm |
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Aristotle - The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm |
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Augustine - Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/augustin.htm |
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Bacon, Francis - 16th century philosopher and politician.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bacon.htm |
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Bakhtin Circle - School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bakhtin.htm |
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Beccaria, Cesare - 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beccaria.htm |
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Behaviorism - Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm |
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Bentham, Jeremy - Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm |
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Berkeley, George - Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berkeley.htm |
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Berlin Circle - Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berlinci.htm |
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Bolingbroke, Henry St. John - 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bolingbr.htm |
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Butler, Joseph - 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm |
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Caird, Edward - Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/caird.htm |
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Capital Punishment - The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/capitalp.htm |
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Carnap, Rudolf - Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/carnap.htm |
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Chinese Room Argument - John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chineser.htm |
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Chrysippus - Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chrysipp.htm |
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Cicero, Marcus Tullius - 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm |
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Cleanthes - Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cleanthe.htm |
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Cudworth, Ralph - 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cudwor.htm |
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Cumberland, Richard - 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cumberla.htm |
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Cyrenaics - Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cyren.htm |
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Damon - 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/damon.htm |
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Davidson, Donald - Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/davidson.htm |
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Deism, English - Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm |
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Deism, French - The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismfre.htm |
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Democritus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm |
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Demonax - Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/demonax.htm |
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Descartes, René - Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm |
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Dewey, John - Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm |
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Diderot, Denis - The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diderot.htm |
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Diogenes Laertius - 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dioglaer.htm |
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Diogenes of Apollonia - Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogapol.htm |
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Diogenes of Sinope - 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htm |
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Eckhart, Meister - 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eckhart.htm |
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Eclecticism - Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eclectic.htm |
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Egoism, Psychological and Ethical - Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/egoism.htm |
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Emanation - The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emanatio.htm |
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Empedocles - 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm |
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Epictetus - Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epictetu.htm |
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Epicurus - 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epicur.htm |
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Euclides - 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/euclides.htm |
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Evolution - Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/evolutio.htm |
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Ferrier, James Frederick - The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/ferrier.htm |
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Fichte, Immanuel Hermann - Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichteih.htm |
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Fichte, Johann Gottlieb - One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichtejg.htm |
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Freud, Sigmund - Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm |
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German Idealism - The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/germidea.htm |
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God, Western Concepts of - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/god-west.htm |
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Gorgias - Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm |
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Greek Philosophy - The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm |
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Hamilton, William - 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hamilton.htm |
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Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von - 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hartmann.htm |
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Hegelians, St. Louis - 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hstlouis.htm |
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Helvetius, Claude Adrien - One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/helvetiu.htm |
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Hempel, Carl Gustav - A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hempel.htm |
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Heraclitus - 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/heraclit.htm |
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Herbert of Cherbury, Edward - 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/herbert.htm |
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Hippias - Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippias.htm |
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Hobbes, Thomas - 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hobmoral.htm |
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Hodgson, Shadworth - Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hodgson.htm |
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Humanism - Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humanism.htm |
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Hume, David - Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humelife.htm |
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Husserl, Edmund - Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/husserl.htm |
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Huxley, Thomas Henry - 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/huxley.htm |
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Identity Theory - Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/identity.htm |
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Interventionism - Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/interven.htm |
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Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich - 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm |
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Just War Theory - Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm |
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Leucippus - 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm |
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Locke, John - Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm |
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Lombard, Peter - French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm |
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Lotze, Rudolf Hermann - 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm |
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Lucretius - Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm |
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Menippus - Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm |
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Mill, John Stuart - 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm |
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Moral Luck - Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm |
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Moral Philosophy - Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm |
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Natural Theology - Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm |
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Neoplatonism - The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm |
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Ockham, William of - Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm |
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Origen - Father of the early Church, born around 182.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm |
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Paley, William - 18th century British theologian.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm |
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Parmenides - Greek philosopher and poet.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm |
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Peripatetics - Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm |
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Plato - Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm |
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Plotinus - 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm |
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Poincaré, Jules Henri - 19th century French philosopher of science.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm |
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Positivism, Legal - Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm |
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Positivism, Logical - Schlick, Carnap, Reichenbach, and others made up the Austrian school of philosophy in the 1920s, which has been influential in analysis of scientific thought.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/logpos.htm |
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Prodicus - 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm |
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Protagoras - Early Greek sophist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm |
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Pyrrho - 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm |
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Pythagoras - The 6th century BCE philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm |
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Reichenbach, Hans - Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm |
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Renaissance - Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm |
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Rights, Human - A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm |
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Roman Philosophy - Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm |
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Russell's Paradox - Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm |
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Shaftesbury, Earl of - Patron of John Locke
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm |
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Skepticism, Ancient Greek - A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm |
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Skepticism, Contemporary - Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm |
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Social Contract Theory - View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/soc-cont.htm |
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Solipsism - The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm |
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Solovyov, Vladimir - 19th century Russian philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm |
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Sophists - Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm |
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Spinoza, Benedict - 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm |
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Stephen, Leslie - 19th century British academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm |
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Stilpo - 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm |
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Stirling, James Hutchison - 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm |
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Stoicism - Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm |
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Symposium - Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm |
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Synderesis - Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm |
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Thales - Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm |
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Theophrastus - Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm |
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Timon - 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm |
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Truth - Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm |
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Vienna Circle - Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm |
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Virtue Theory - View that morality is the development of or virtues.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm |
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Voluntarism - Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm |
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Warburton, William - 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm |
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Wittgenstein, Ludwig - Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm |
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Xenophanes - Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm |
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Xenophon - Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm |
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Zeno of Elea - 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zenoelea.htm |
